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Founders at Work: Stories of Startups’ Early Days

Jessica Livingston is a founding partner at Y Combinator, a seed-stage venture firm based in Cambridge, MA, and Mountain View, CA. She was previously VP of marketing at investment bank Adams Harkness. In addition to her work with startups at Y Combinator, she organizes Startup School. She has a BA in English from Bucknell.

Paperback: 488 pages
Publisher: Apress; 1st ed. 2008. Corr. 2nd printing edition
Language: English
ISBN-10: 1430210788
ISBN-13: 978-1430210788
Product Dimensions: 9 x 5.8 x 1.2 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.4 pounds

Founders at Work: Stories of Startups’ Early Days (Recipes: a Problem-Solution Ap)

Cook circulate the intersection of fluidized bed and friend of boiler, know, circulate the intersection of fluidized bed and the intersection of boiler and particle diameter in fire coal require, is relatively high. Coal-fired particle diameter can not reach the requirement. Coal-fired particle diameter is thick will present a lot of abnormal phenomena. For example: The water-cooled wall, hood are abraded seriously; The boiler can not reach nominal rating,etc.. Requirement for circulating coal-fired particle diameter of the fluidized bed boiler and the same experience of our power plant in our country are by the thick process of cognition that attenuate. Our power plant because coal-fired particle diameter is so thick as to eat to the limit and bitter. Now combine our actual conditions of the power plant and analyze the thick influence on circulating the fluidized bed boiler of coal-fired particle diameter theoretically.

First of all, the thick influence on burning share of coal-fired particle diameter. At the same fluidization speed, the burning share in the dense-phase district of coal with thick particle diameter is relatively great. All of us know the distribution which burn share is an important link when circulate the boiler of the fluidized bed to design and operate. Because circulate the boiler of the fluidized bed to burn and mainly happen in dense-phase district and dilute phase area. So the sum of the burning share of these two areas is close in 1. Among them the burning share of the dense-phase district will influence the heat transfer and serial safe operation of the boiler in the control, stove of the temperature of batch layer. So it is quite important to control the burning share of the dense-phase district. Under the invariable situation of other conditions, the thick burning amount of material foot-path increases, the burning share of the dense-phase district must increase, the dense-phase district exports cigarettes warmly to improve, namely bring into the enthalpy of the dilute phase district and increase. If this part of heat can’t be valid absorbed or taken away by the flue gas by the heating surface of dense-phase district, the heat balance of the dense-phase district is destroyed. Thus make the fire box temperature of dense-phase district rise. The operator can only make to increase air flow to reduce bed temperature. The phenomenon that our power plant appears is like this too. Exert oneself in order to guarantee the boiler, first, secondary air frequency conversion are reached and close wide-openly, bed temperature is close to 1000 degrees. Have not only increase electrical consumption but also reduced the thermal efficiency of the boiler. Such a run mode has influenced the abrasion of the part of the boiler.

Second, the thick influence on abrading in water-cooled wall and hood,etc. of coal-fired particle diameter. Because coal-fired particle diameter is thick, air flow is large, the flue gas is tall in flow rate. And it is proportional to N power of the flue gas speed to erode and abrade. The fire coal of the thick particle will be blown up in the burner hearth, particle diameter is relatively reduced, but mostly in above 10mm. The abrasion of this pair of burning control equipments is quite serious, the abrasion to the hood is quite serious too at the same time. Until the intersection of we and power plant run less than three month, whom burning control equipment gush out prevent 麿’s coating front from all abrading, severe wear too of tube wall of four corners. Severe wear too of inner pouring material of burner hearth. The hood changes 80% in half a year. Because the hood is abraded seriously, lead to the fact the indoor dreg quantity of wind and increase, the inner pouring material severe wear of air compartment. 麿 must reveal the reinforcing bar of drag hook out. While one day pressing fire to restart, because dreg and coal seeped in in air compartment were burnt, melted the main tuber pipe **The stove stop.

Third, coal-fired particle diameter is thick to the compensating influence of internal heat of combustion chamber. After the fuel enters the combustion chamber, under certain velocity of flow of flue gas, thicker particle falls into the underpart, the tiny particle is suspended in the middle part, the particle of minification is brought into the upper portion by the flue gas. Every fuel of particle diameter in at, in, burn to send out heat underpart,it is last equilibrium not to make by every section of heat and every section of heating surface heats absorptiveses releaseds. Just there is a even, more ideal temperature field in the stove. Generally speaking Circulate the boiler of the fluidized bed and burn the temperature difference in the indoor longitudinal, horizontally Do not exceed 50 degrees very much most about 20 degrees. Only under a more ideal temperature field, all one can guarantee to realize the heat emission coefficient designed in the stove, working medium could be absorbed to required sufficient heat, guarantee the exerting oneself of the boiler. But because coal-fired particle diameter thick, first, secondary air match Kenya to be difficult and reasonable, dense-phase district burn share, exceed design values greatly, the heat that emits at the time of the lower fuel combustion of the boiler in this way or can’t be totally absorbed and taken away by the heating surface quickly. The dense-phase district is on overtemperature. Regulating method, if reduce coal feeding amount, cause the boiler and exert oneself insufficiently; Increase air flow, the coal consumption is improved greatly. Because of summit, better to boil summer such as power plant like us. Cause high coal consumption, high factory’s electricity consumption rate. The C content of the dreg exceeds 10%. What’s the point of such a fluidized bed boiler!

In addition, the thick impact on horizontal thermal balance of coal-fired particle diameter is relatively great too. Like our power plant, because unilateral produces the dreg, produce the bottom of that side of the dreg and deposit the thick particle to fluidize well few, relative equilibrium of bed temperature. But does not produce that side of the dreg, because the thick particle is deposited, resistance fluidizes quality poorly big, the longitudinal and transversal temperature difference is great maximum is close 100 degrees . And different because of the resistance of burner hearth both sides, it is different that left and right sides enter air flow two times. Such a result causes outlet temperature over 50 degrees of phase difference of burner hearth. Two pieces of separator separation efficiency cause the difference too, so the temperature difference of both sides of postlude flue reaches 70 degrees. Among them it is warm to lower than the cigarette on one side of export and return overtemperature. Though through arranging the controlling valve opening of secondary air on adjustment, has narrowed the temperature difference of two sides, but return over 50 degrees. This has constituted a threat to safe operation of the boiler. Burning and changing is not to get better. Analyzed the reason by looking for the materials, inviting the expert later. After turning coal-fired particle diameter down, two sides produce the dreg at the same time, these problems have been solved.

Finally, says a little more that I want. After coal-fired particle diameter is adjusted, the proportioning of the coal-fired particle size is very important too. It is the better not to be the thinner. The fire coal of different particle diameter should be matched rationally. Once one engaged in engineer that the boiler of the fluidized bed was designed in several decades and said: Like kernel of date when entering the matching of the particle of coal of stove. Granule diameter Under 1 millimetre And big Particle diameter 6-8 Millimetre Like the nuclear both ends of the date, quantity wants little. The middle partial particle amount should be big. Hot equilibrium distribution and burning the distribution of share and is beneficial to of the boiler like this. The proportioning of the natural particle still relates to operating condition and coal. For example; Circulate and divide multiplying factor high, it is good that coal-fired particle diameter is relatively a bit more detailed. Volatilize a high coal, it is good that the particle is relatively a bit thicker too . Cook, circulate worker of fluidized bed boiler several heart more, observe, compare more in a word, how try to find out!

It is quite unfavorable to circulating security of the fluidized bed boiler, economical operation that coal-fired particle diameter is too thick, hope to get everybody’s attention! Hope we exchange more at the same time. There are more and more good units that the boiler of the fluidized bed is burnt now. The experience that the operator accumulates is more and more abundant. There are proportioning four, six namely account for 40% of total air flow in air flow of one, secondary air on firing method many units. Two-shot air flow is taken 60% ,Very effective.

The installation of the large plate girder of the boiler of heat power plant, it is the important stage of boiler erection. The boiler of aircrew No. 5 of some second stage of power plant, design the form to be of great difference compared with other aircrews in the past in its large plate girder, the large plate girder hoists scheme and craft there are greater differences. The total weight exceeds 400t after the large plate girder is assembled wholly, can there is no sinker loop machine single hoist and mount, for this reason has proposed the high altitude of the large plate girder of the tower boiler and assembled the scheme.

A plate girder overview

Some boiler No. 5 of the second stage of 2* 100MW aircrew of power plant large plate girder amounts to 2, it is the stoplog

Act of violating regulations Correction method The construction scheme, with according with, checking actually the tight, construction scheme has mistakes Carry out writing, censorship of constructing strictly. Not organizing constructors to study the construction scheme, or go through the motions, carry out not according to the construction scheme. Organize constructors to study the construction scheme conscientiously, carry out strictly. Homework the intersection of ticket and the intersection of system and strict the intersection of executive office and the intersection of rule and construction site that issue of building etc. homework ticket system safety management as stated to carry out, as stated to hold knowing in front of the class after the class. Carry out the on-the-spot construction safety regulation strictly, hold and know in front of the class after the class per day, and stress practical results. Do not carry on the site security and confide a technological secret and carry out the on-the-spot construction safety regulation strictly, rity activity of every week of the teams and groups tell somebody what one’s real intentions are and does not organize class’ security activity or activity of every week of the teams and groups to become a mere formality and organize class’ security activity of every week of the teams and groups to peril point and precautionary measures of constructing conscientiously, be unable to keep clean that the content wants the pointed operational site, worker’s utensil and material are piled up at will, clean the working site every day, it is put that worker’s utensil and material should be as stated Enter construction site, wear crash-helmet and clothes while being as stated, the sandals homework of the slippers is worn As stated to wear crash-helmet and clothes, can not forbid as statedly wearing crash-helmet and clothes, homework of person who wears slippers sandals Deposit the inflammable good in operational site ‘ Petrol, alcohol, it, that water,etc. Should estimate correctly that get the inflammable good, it should be on duty or is at one time using to get the inflammable good, residual to put back, store the intersection of place and well, hole, hole, hole, channel that operational site reserves add the cover plate and not set up and disobey the fence safely in time Well, hole, hole, hole, the intersection of ditch and the intersection of Dougal and cover plate that reserve and installing and disobeying the fence safely Putting the supplies at the passway at will is forbidden to put the supplies at the passway at will, check and remove and put and put on and protect the glasses when the material on the passway is dug not to wear protecting the glasses to check and supervise workers in the homework while hitting the hard or brittle object frequently Use the emery wheel without protective cover to forbid using the emery wheel without protective cover to cross over the wire rope when the apparatus of the hoisting machine run Forbid anyone when the apparatus runtime of the hoisting machine cross over the wire rope to work and must work under the apparatus of probably unexpected whereabouts under the apparatus of probably unexpected whereabouts When should do the precautionary measures well and stay or walk to lift objects under hanging things in advance, have the on-the-spot guardian, forbid staying or passing through under hanging things The homework of height does not fasten the safety belt or use the safety belt up to the standards to supervise the working crew in the height to fasten the safety belt, the safety belt should be checked regularly. Do not use the safety belt when the homework on the ladder stands, hang the safety belt on the object of the insecure Supervise the working crew on the ladder to fasten the safety belt, hang the safety belt on the firm object Stand on the top of the ladder working, or two people stand on the same ladder working Supervise working crew in carry greater than meter of distances from ladder, work, forbid two people to stand at the same ladder working. The shoulder carries on one’s shoulder or back the heavy object and climbs and moves the ladder to forbid the shoulder to carry on one’s shoulder or back the heavy object to climb and move the ladder, should dissuade to climb the person who moves ladder from immediately to carry on one’s shoulder or back the heavy object to the shoulder. The homework should choose the firm object or take the firm safety measure to adopt the rope to transmit on the structure not firm from head to foot Excavate and forbid excavating by drawing and is dug by drawing and is dug, the method that should be used from top to bottom is excavated Climb competence support and cross strut forbid, climb competence support and cross strut move the intersection of pin hole and cover plate or obstruct at will at the upper and lower foundation pit It is forbidden to move the cover plate or obstruct of pin hole at will, should send someone to guard if really needing moving, at is excavated resume putting the supplies and stopping to put the supplies on the earthwork slope that is excavated on the earthwork slope that is excavated immediately after the homework, in time It is on duty to remove the special work post and does not hold the card homework and stop without licences, the special work post must be passed the examination by the related departments, it is put that out of plumb while holding ethyne on duty of card, oxygen cylinder to use, it is less than 5 meters to put the distance Put according to the rules regulation strictly. Building site it uses temporary power to be as stated to lay, hang at the metal object directly, put etc. on pedestrian’s passway carelessly. Lay according to the rules regulation strictly. The branched switch tank of lighting motive force, do not install and leak the electrical switch The construction that the strict executive office issues and regulation of installing drain protector of daily electricity consumption. The electric wire is hung on the switch blade directly or adopted crimp connecting or plug in the direct insert socket. Replace the thermal link and forbid replacing the thermal link with other wire with other wire, allocate right amount of thermal links, change the thermal link of blowout in time. Should wear the insulating glove to use the strict requirement of the electric tool while using the electric tool if not wearing the insulating glove, find that wearing the insulating glove should be prevented in time while using the electric tool. Electric power tools such as the arc welding generator,etc. are non-grounded or adopts simple twining and earthing the inspection frequently, hold the earth lead according to the rules regulation strictly. Warehouse, dormitory, processing field and important machinery and is set up etc. and does not put the extinguisher or put the underproof extinguisher Dispose the extinguisher according to the rules regulation of fire control strictly, change the underproof extinguisher in time. Smoke in the places of fire incident such as homework place, warehouse. Smoke in the place to it is forbidden in fire incident such as homework place, warehouse, should prevent in time while finding. Dangerous homework hang the intersection of warning sign and dangerous the intersection of homework and dangerous homework should hang the warning sign or have the special messenger to guard. Dangerous homework such as jack-up,etc. is chatted with others. Strictly observe the homework to stipulate, gather to work, forbid chatting with others dangerous homework,etc..

The circuit breaker with electric main electrical scheme of the bypass of double bus protects the disposition, many kinds of principle protective devices of many kinds of types of many kinds of producers exist at present, RCS-931 series protect, adopt the intersection of optic fibre and differential, zero sequence, distance protection as auspicious in the south to continue assuaring electric limited company produces; Series WXH-860 that Xu Ji electric Co., Ltd. produces protect and adopt high frequency, zero sequence, distance protection; Series CSL-100 which electric limited company produces protect and adopt high frequency, zero sequence, distance protection all sides. These protect it according to rejecting assembling it in a complete set, protect the double principle of melting according to the electrical apparatus, each circuit breaker has disposed the protective device of the double sleeve. In double mother electric main electrical schemes of the ribbon bypass, the bypass circuit breaker has only disposed a set of protective devices, when which line isolating switch the bypass circuit breaker is taken the place of to run, the bypass runs to switch to a set of protective devices of this circuit, realize the circuit breaker double sleeve protective device of the bypass runs.

2 bypass switches over the general course

When the circuit breaker of the bypass takes the place of the operation of the line isolating switch, operating sequence is such:

1 Put into the circuit breaker computer of the bypass and protect, utilizes the circuit breaker of the bypass to charge interbus at first;

2 Then, pull open the circuit breaker of the bypass and close the bypass disconnector of the circuit;

3 Switch over, the circuit-switched protecting screen is deactivated and protected correspondingly, the circuit does not switch over the protecting screen to deactivate the corresponding protecting, circuit-switched protecting screen line current to switch over to the bypass terminal, circuit VS to the bypass voltage;

4 The circuit breaker switching-in of the bypass, stand side by side two circuit breakers;

5 Pull open the line isolating switch, unlink two circuit breakers;

6 Put into the circuit-switched protecting screen and protect correspondingly.

3 switching process protection analysis

The circuit breaker of the bypass takes the place of and sends the line isolating switch to operate, the purpose is to guarantee the circuit is live, taken the place of and protects and switches over and pays analyzing the circuit breaker of the bypass while sending the operation of the line isolating switch here, pay attention to important items, prevent the protection from error action, cause the black out of the circuit. Though the circuit protective device is varied, it is not the same to protect the principle, but the high voltage line mainly relies on the carrier or optic fibre principle to realize a full range of quick-acting is protected at present, this text mainly realizes that protects two kinds of situations to analyze the protection in the switching process with the carrier, optic fibre principle.

The circuit is shown as in Fig. 1 once interstar connection, 1, 2 is the line isolating switch of this side or circuit breaker of the bypass, 3 is the offside line isolating switch, the fault point 4 represents the trouble outside the district, the fault point 5 represents the troubles inside the sample space.

3.1 line protection depends on the carrier principle

In double mother electric main electrical schemes of the ribbon bypass of high-pressure system, the circuits protective device generally all dispose high frequency to protect, also call the pilot protection of the power line carrier, high frequency protects and mainly utilizes the power transmission line to form the high-frequency passway, through transmitting the high frequency signal, determine to protect acting. Most high voltage line protective devices now, such as WXB-1115 Serial protective device, CSL-100 series protective devices, WXH-860 series protective devices, all dispose high-frequency protection, distance protection, zero sequence to protect. When circuit breaker is taken the place of in the bypass to give the line isolating switch, relevant protective excision and input, will mainly depend on protecting the correct operation in the protection zone and doing the corresponding regulation.

1 Report and take place the situation of abnormal operation to deployment immediately.

2 Detail record unusual the time, character plate the intersection of signal and position, electrical relay situation and electric current, voltage, distant place of losing etc. coil temperature, oil warm to count displayed value,etc., judge trouble properties tentatively, before not doing well and recording watch and must not get long to permit, can’t reset various signals.

3 According to the preliminary judged result, go to the scene to check the apparatus immediately, record temperature and oil level indicated value at that time, whether the pressure relief device has oil blowout, porcelain sleeve and has flashover, gas relay having gas, unusually,etc. situation that the sound has of running, analyse and judge trouble properties synthetically, report deployment and relevant leaders of inspection result.

4 While finding the oil level of high-pressure reactor unusually goes up and down, should analyze according to situations such as the electric current, temperature,etc., find out the reason. If while already confirming the oil level is too high or on the low side, should submit to the related departments and refuel, drain the oil, adjust the work of the oil level to highly resistance in time.

5 As the coil temperature, oil of the high-pressure reactor are thermal are entered high while exceeding permitting the limit, should check the intersection of voltage and electric current and the intersection of environmental change and situation, go on, compare until due coil warm to go on checking in temperature, oil under the the same condition each other, also check whether the instruction of the thermometer is correct. Confirm highly resistance temperature, until rise unusually, should offer deployment and relevant leader immediately while being own, take place, make, the intersection of highly resistance and black out, should strengthen to to make an inspection tour highly resistance in deployment.

6 When the gas relay is protected and called the police, the attenbant should check the high-pressure reactor immediately, pay attention to the changes of the voltage, electric current, sound, find out the reason of movements. If inside is out of order, should find out the movement reason to report to deployment.

7 High-pressure reactor have following one of situation, should report to deployment immediately, demand, run high-pressure the intersection of reactor and backout:

Voice unusual inside the high-pressure reactor, have crack or discharge seriously;

Under normal voltage and electric current condition, coil temperature and oil are warm to become great notably, and rise rapidly;

Oil blowout of pressure relief device or emitting cigarettes;

Phenomenon that the clutch has severe damage and discharges.

Procedure a section of abrasion, quantity, amount of leap thing, control of topographical condition of chest rope that mainly receives the wire are put in exhibitions of the wire. Choose marking-out rationally procedure section primary problem consult related data and construction experience that marking-out plan ,Choosing the marking-out procedure section should generally follow the following principles:

1,Under the general condition, the line length should include 15 marking-out pulleys of the length of the line segment that the tension is put, preferbly 5- 8km. As choosing to lead a field when being very difficult, it should not exceed 20 to put the pulley quantity of marking-out included in the line segment;

2,It is such as railway, expressway, 110kV and the above electric force line to cross over very important leap things Should be, shorten the intersection of marking-out and segment lenght while being appropriate, so as to ensure the safe and quick tape accomplishes the task of crossing over wiring;

3,The field of tension, drawing the field that chosen should be among a linear tower with smooth terrain, with convenient traffic; The start-stop tower which is put the line segment should choose and raise up the pole tower;

4,Should try hard to choose the marking-out procedure section according to the multiple of the wire length of one of the wire, in order to reduce the straight line to pigeonhole the quantity of the take over;

5,, in order to benefit the wire stretching and improve the wire stretching stress and fidelity of the designing requirement stress; 6,It is not the special circumstances, try not to regard strain tower as the tension and put the start-stop tower of line segment.

First, choose to lead following the regulation of a field

1,Leading should satisfy hauling engine, tension machine and can transport and reach the location directly in a field, and the road is not big in mending amount; The load of the bridge can respond to the request that bearing capacity is not smaller than 25t.

2,The topography should be smooth, can meet and fix up and lead an apparatus, assign requirements such as wire, construction operation,etc.. The site area should not be smaller than the tension field 55m * 25m, draw field 30m * 25m.

3,If need the angle tower of straight line ZBJ tower While making the wheel and facing the anchor, when not allowing the wire connector in important crossing or shelves in the shelf, lead, pieces of machine export with the intersection of neighbor and the intersection of tower and the intersection of wire and the intersection of point of suspension and high angle of difference greater than 15

The circuit breaker is applied to the low-voltage distribution system extensively, it is a kind of protection electrical apparatus element. While designing the low-voltage distribution system, should pay attention to the selectivity of the circuit breaker, choosing to the excessive load release rated current of the circuit breaker and setting, guarantee to fully give play to the role of electric current release; When the ambient temperature is greater than or smaller than the base measuring temperature value, should adjust the specified current value of the low-voltage circuit breaker according to temperature and current carrying capacity correction factor that manufacturers offer.

First, several kinds of current characteristics of the circuit breaker

The rated current In of the circuit breaker, refer to the electric current that the release can be passed for a long time, rated current of the only release.

The rated current Inm of the housing-frame grade of the circuit breaker, show with the maximum release rated current installed in the same chassis or cabinet similar to structure of basic geometric dimensions. Specified current value of maximum of release which it has determined to install. For example, DW15

Chile ” messenger’s newspaper ” reports on May 18, according to the statistics of Chilean Ministry of Energy, by April of 2013, electric project gross generation 2329MW under construction in Chile. Among them the main project includes: RANE coal power generating project of COCH team, generating capacity 560MW; ALTO MAIPO water and electricity project, generating capacity 530MW; ANGOSTURA water and electricity project, generating capacity 316MW; GUACOLDA V coal and electricity project, generating capacity 152MW; SAN PEDRO water and electricity project, generating capacity 144MW; Other electric the intersection of project and the intersection of generating capacity and 627MW, among them but regeneration capacity power generating 488MW, water and electricity 139MW.

According to 20 Japan-Russia president’s websites and Russian new society’s reports of May, Russian president Putin holds the electric domain cross-subsidization question meeting on the same day. Putin claims, cross-subsidization of Russia’s electric field increased by a wide margin, replenished volume and reached 220 billion roubles in 2012 in recent years. Although cross-subsidization of Russia’s electric field enables Russian resident to use less expensive electricity, but aggravated enterprise’s burden, has influenced the speedup of industrial production, has led to the fact the production cost of the goods increases, raises at the price, have reduced the competitiveness of the goods. Putin points out, because the big enterprise can set up factory,etc. and evade the high price of electricity through the strange land, so the final high price of electricity should be still born by the small and medium-sized enterprises that originally faced a great deal of problems.

Putin urges the government to propose the concrete suggestion about cutting down cross-subsidization as soon as possible, popularize the modern power-saving technology in order to save the electricity, prevent Russian common people and small enterprise from checking for the high price of electricity at the same time. Russian energy minister Novack claims at the meeting, Russia’s electric field absorbed the total investment to reach 865 billion roubles nearly equal to 29 billion dollars in 2012 ,Increase by 10% compared with the same period of last year.